Seizure due to multiple drugs intoxication: a case report / Convulsão por causa de intoxicação por múltiplas drogas: relato de caso

Abstract The mechanism of the antidepressant effect of bupropion is not fully understood. Besides, using it in the treatment of depression, it is found to be effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms due to smoking cessation. A 28-year-old female patient with a history of depression was admitted to emergency department an hour after ingestion of bupropion, quetiapine, and levothyroxine in high doses to commit suicide. While accepting her into the Intensive Care Unit, she was awake, alert, disoriented and agitated. After 2 h, the patient had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. The necessary treatment was given and 9 h later with hemodynamic improvement, the patients’ mental status improved. Bupropion may cause unusual behaviors such as delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, or confusion. The risk of seizure is strongly dose-dependent. We want to emphasize the importance of early gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal.

Resumo O mecanismo do efeito antidepressivo de bupropiona ainda não está bem esclarecido. Contudo, seu uso no tratamento de depressão revelou ser eficaz para reduzir os sintomas de abstinência relacionados à cessação do tabagismo. Uma paciente do sexo feminino, 28 anos, com história de depressão, deu entrada no setor de emergência uma hora após a ingestão de bupropiona, quetiapina e levotiroxina em doses elevadas para cometer suicídio. Ao ser internada em unidade de terapia intensiva, estava acordada, alerta, desorientada e agitada. Após duas horas, apresentou uma crise tônico-clônica generalizada. O tratamento necessário foi administrado e nove horas mais tarde, com a estabilização hemodinâmica, o estado mental da paciente melhorou. Bupropiona pode causar comportamentos incomuns, incluindo delírios, paranoia, alucinações ou confusão mental. O risco de convulsão é altamente dependente da dose. Queremos enfatizar a importância da lavagem gástrica precoce e da administração de carvão ativado.

Seizure due to multiple drugs intoxication: a case report.

The mechanism of the antidepressant effect of bupropion is not fully understood. Besides, using it in the treatment of depression, it is found to be effective in reducing withdrawal symptoms due to smoking cessation. A 28-year-old female patient with a history of depression was admitted to emergency department an hour after ingestion of bupropion, quetiapine, and levothyroxine in high doses to commit suicide. While accepting her into the Intensive Care Unit, she was awake, alert, disoriented and agitated. After 2h, the patient had a generalized tonic-clonic seizure. The necessary treatment was given and 9h later with hemodynamic improvement, the patients' mental status improved. Bupropion may cause unusual behaviors such as delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, or confusion. The risk of seizure is strongly dose-dependent. We want to emphasize the importance of early gastric lavage and administration of activated charcoal.

Comparison of Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery and Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: From the View of an Anesthesiologist.

PURPOSE: To determine the differences among the hemodynamics, neuroendocrine stress response (NESR), and postoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) scores of pain between the procedures of retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) for lower pole kidney stones. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients undergoing RIRS and PNL with lower puncture approach, under general anesthesia, were prospectively enrolled in our study. Perioperative blood pressure (systolic, diastolic, and mean), heart rate, and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) values were recorded at intervals. Arterial blood gas (ABG) and blood glucose, serum insulin, and cortisol levels as stress response markers were analyzed in the perioperative period. Postoperative VAS scores were recorded at 30 minutes and 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours after extubation. Duration of surgery, stone sizes, and stone-free rates (SFRs) were noted. RESULTS: SFRs were 93.3% in the PNL group (28/30 patients) and 88.5% in the RIRS group (23/26 patients) (p = 0.52). There was no statistical difference between the hemodynamics of both groups. Perioperative ABGs and NESRs were similar between groups (p > 0.05). Postoperative VAS scores and analgesic consumptions were also similar between groups (p > 0.05). Duration of surgery was significantly shorter in the RIRS group (p = 0.001). Stone size was significantly higher in the PNL group (p = 0.013). CONCLUSION: Although the PNL is assumed to be more invasive than the RIRS procedure among urologists and anesthesiologists, both techniques may have similar perioperative outcomes in terms of hemodynamics, ABG, NESR, and pain scores in the management of lower pole stones with lower pole approach.

[Intrathecal bupivacaine and allergic reaction]. / Intratekal bupivakain ve alerjik reaksiyon.

By inhibiting sodium channels, local anesthetics (LAs) prevent sodium entering the cell and inhibit cellular depolarization. Although undesired drug reactions caused by LA usage are common, real allergic reactions are rare. The objective of this study was to discuss allergic reactions developing after application of spinal anesthetic.

Effect of intraoperative esmolol infusion on anesthetic, analgesic requirements and postoperative nausea-vomitting in a group of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients / Efeito da infusão de esmolol sobre a necessidade de anestesia no intraoperatório e analgesia, náusea e vômito no pós-operatório em um grupo de pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica / Efecto de la infusión de esmolol sobre la necesidad de anestesia en el intraoperatorio y analgesia, náuseas y vómito en el postoperatorio en un grupo de pacientes sometidos a la colecistectomía laparoscópica

PURPOSE: Postoperative pain and nausea/vomitting (PNV) are common in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Sympatholytic agents might decrease requirements for intravenous or inhalation anesthetics and opioids. In this study we aimed to analyze effects of esmolol on intraoperative anesthetic-postoperative analgesic requirements, postoperative pain and PNV. METHODS: Sixty patients have been included. Propofol, remifentanil and vecuronium were used for induction. Study groups were as follows; I - Esmolol infusion was added to maintenance anesthetics (propofol and remifentanil), II - Only propofol and remifentanil was used during maintenance, III - Esmolol infusion was added to maintenance anesthetics (desflurane and remifentanil), IV - Only desflurane and remifentanil was used during maintenance. They have been followed up for 24 h for PNV and analgesic requirements. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain was also been evaluated. RESULTS: VAS scores were significantly lowest in group I (p = 0.001-0.028). PNV incidence was significantly lowest in group I (p = 0.026). PNV incidence was also lower in group III compared to group IV (p = 0.032). Analgesic requirements were significantly lower in group I and was lower in group III compared to group IV (p = 0.005). Heart rates were significantly lower in esmolol groups (group I and III) compared to their controls (p = 0.001) however blood pressures were similar in all groups (p = 0.594). Comparison of esmolol groups with controls revealed that there is a significant decrease in anesthetic and opioid requirements (p = 0.024-0.03). CONCLUSION: Using esmolol during anesthetic maintenance significantly decreases anesthetic-analgesic requirements, postoperative pain and PNV. .

OBJETIVO: A dor e a incidência de náusea e vômito no período pós-operatório (NVP) são comuns em pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica. Os agentes simpatolíticos podem diminuir a necessidade de opiáceos ou anestésicos inalatórios ou intravenosos. Neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi analisar os efeitos de esmolol sobre a necessidade de anestésico no período intraoperatório e de analgésico no pós-operatório e a incidência de dor e NVP. MÉTODOS: Sessenta pacientes foram incluídos. Propofol, remifentanil e vecurônio foram usados para a indução. Os grupos de estudo foram os seguintes: grupo I, a infusão de esmolol foi adicionada aos anestésicos (propofol e remifentanil) para manutenção; grupo II, apenas propofol e remifentanil foram usados durante a manutenção; grupo III, a infusão de esmolol foi adicionada aos anestésicos (desflurano e remifentanil) para manutenção; grupo IV, apenas desflurano e remifentanil foram usados durante a manutenção. O período de acompanhamento foi de 24 horas para avaliar a incidência de NVP e a necessidade de analgésicos. Os escores de dor também foram avaliados por meio da escala visual analógica (EVA). RESULTADOS: Os escores EVA foram significativamente menores no grupo I (p = 0,001-0,028). A incidência de NVP foi significativamente menor no grupo I (p = 0,026). NVP também foi menor no grupo III em relação ao grupo IV (p = 0,032). A necessidade de analgésicos foi significativamente menor no grupo I e menor no grupo III em relação ao grupo IV (p = 0,005). A frequência cardíaca foi significativamente menor nos grupos esmolol (grupos I e III) comparados com os controles (p = 0,001), mas a pressão arterial foi semelhante em todos os grupos (p = 0,594). A comparação entre os grupos esmolol e controles revelou que houve uma diminuição. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de esmolol durante a manutenção da anestesia reduz significativamente a necessidade de anestésico-analgésico, dor e incidência de NVP. .

OBJETIVO: El dolor y la incidencia de náuseas y vómito en el período postoperatorio (NVPO) son comunes en pacientes sometidos a colecistectomía laparoscópica. Los agentes simpaticolíticos pueden disminuir la necesidad de opiáceos o anestésicos inhalatorios o intravenosos. En este estudio, nuestro objetivo fue analizar los efectos del esmolol sobre la necesidad de anestésico en el período intraoperatorio y de analgésico en el postoperatorio y la incidencia de dolor y NVPO. MÉTODOS: Sesenta pacientes fueron incluidos. Para la inducción fueron usados el propofol, el remifentanilo y el vecuronio. Los grupos de estudio fueron los siguientes: grupo I, la infusión de esmolol fue añadida a los anestésicos (propofol y remifentanilo) para el mantenimiento; grupo II, durante el mantenimiento solamente fueron usados el propofol y el remifentanilo; grupo III, la infusión de esmolol fue añadida a los anestésicos (desflurano y remifentanilo) para mantenimiento; grupo IV, solamente fueron usados durante el mantenimiento el desflurano y el remifentanilo. El período de acompañamiento fue de 24 h para calcular la incidencia de NVPO y la necesidad de analgésicos. Las puntuaciones de dolor también fueron evaluadas mediante la escala visual analógica. RESULTADOS: Las puntuaciones de la escala visual analógica fueron significativamente menores en el grupo I (p = 0,001-0,028). La incidencia de NVPO fue significativamente menor en el grupo I (p = 0,026). NVPO también fue menor en el grupo III con relación al grupo IV (p = 0,032). La necesidad de analgésicos fue significativamente menor en el grupo I y menor en el grupo III con relación al grupo IV (p = 0,005). La frecuencia cardíaca fue significativamente menor en los grupos esmolol (grupos I y III) comparados con el control (p = 0,001), pero la presión arterial fue similar en todos los grupos (p = 0,594). La comparación entre los grupos esmolol y control reveló que hubo una disminución significativa de la necesidad ...

[Effect of intraoperative esmolol infusion on anesthetic, analgesic requirements and postoperative nausea-vomitting in a group of laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients]. / Efeito da infusão de esmolol sobre a necessidade de anestesia no intraoperatório e analgesia, náusea e vômito no pós-operatório em um grupo de pacientes submetidos à colecistectomia laparoscópica.

PURPOSE: Postoperative pain and nausea/vomitting (PNV) are common in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. Sympatholytic agents might decrease requirements for intravenous or inhalation anesthetics and opioids. In this study we aimed to analyze effects of esmolol on intraoperative anesthetic-postoperative analgesic requirements, postoperative pain and PNV. METHODS: Sixty patients have been included. Propofol, remifentanil and vecuronium were used for induction. Study groups were as follows; I - Esmolol infusion was added to maintenance anesthetics (propofol and remifentanil), II - Only propofol and remifentanil was used during maintenance, III - Esmolol infusion was added to maintenance anesthetics (desflurane and remifentanil), IV - Only desflurane and remifentanil was used during maintenance. They have been followed up for 24h for PNV and analgesic requirements. Visual analog scale (VAS) scores for pain was also been evaluated. RESULTS: VAS scores were significantly lowest in group I (p=0.001-0.028). PNV incidence was significantly lowest in group I (p=0.026). PNV incidence was also lower in group III compared to group IV (p=0.032). Analgesic requirements were significantly lower in group I and was lower in group III compared to group IV (p=0.005). Heart rates were significantly lower in esmolol groups (group I and III) compared to their controls (p=0.001) however blood pressures were similar in all groups (p=0.594). Comparison of esmolol groups with controls revealed that there is a significant decrease in anesthetic and opioid requirements (p=0.024-0.03). CONCLUSION: Using esmolol during anesthetic maintenance significantly decreases anesthetic-analgesic requirements, postoperative pain and PNV.

Late Local Anaesthetic Toxicity After Infraclavicular Block Procedure.

Local anaesthetic (LA) toxicity is the most fatal complication of peripheral nerve block techniques. Accidental intravascular application or use of doses above the safety range are the most common cause of toxicity. Bupivacaine is a long-acting LA frequently used for long procedures or those associated with significant post-procedural pain. Fatal central nervous system and cardiovascular system toxicity are described. In this paper, we reported a young patient who showed LA toxicity symptoms 7 h after an infraclavicular peripheral block.